Traditional online advertising faces escalating audience aversion and diminishing effectiveness, brands are increasingly turning to influencers to disseminate their messages in a more organic and native manner. This shift highlights the critical role of consumer engagement, which is defined as the proactive involvement of consumers in spreading advertisements and creating value. Understanding the mechanisms behind this engagement is crucial for developing effective influencer advertising strategies.
The recent study, "Exploring the dynamics of consumer engagement in social media influencer marketing from the self-determination theory perspective," provides valuable insights into this complex interplay. Grounded in the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework and Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the research constructs a comprehensive model to assess how influencer factors, advertisement information, and social factors influence consumer engagement.
This study explores consumer engagement in social media influencer marketing using the self-determination theory and a stimulus-organism-response framework. It analyzes the impact of influencer, advertisement, and social factors on consumer engagement levels (content consumption, contribution, and creation) through psychological motivators like self-disclosure willingness, innovativeness, and information trust.
- Main Findings:
- Innovativeness is key for high-level engagement (content creation).
- Influencers are effective at attracting initial online traffic but have limited influence on deeper engagement.
- Advertisement information (content) is crucial for higher-level engagement.
- Subjective social norms significantly influence consumer engagement.
- Information trust drives content consumption, while innovativeness drives content creation.
The Spectrum of Consumer Engagement
Consumer engagement is not a monolithic concept; it represents a fluctuating process influenced by ongoing interactions and evolving preferences. In the context of social media influencer marketing, consumer engagement behaviors can be categorized into three distinct dimensions, reflecting a spectrum from low to high levels of involvement:
- Content Consumption: This is the lowest level of engagement, where consumers merely click and read or view information without actively contributing or creating user-generated content. While it generates fewer visible traces of behavior and has a low conversion rate, it is still a foundational level of engagement.
- Content Contribution: Representing a medium level of engagement, this occurs when consumers comment on influencer content or share information with their social network. This is more valuable than consumption for social media marketing as it involves active participation.
- Content Creation: This is the highest level of consumer engagement, involving consumers actively uploading and posting brand-related content on social media. It signifies consumers seeing themselves as co-creators with the brand and is the ideal outcome sought by businesses in advertising campaigns.
While all levels are important, the goal for many advertisers is to foster higher levels of engagement, particularly content contribution and creation, as these are central to social media advertising success.
The Core Drivers: Psychological Motivators (The "Organism" in S-O-R)
The study utilizes the S-O-R framework, which posits that external stimuli (S) lead to internal psychological states (O), which then result in behavioral responses (R). For the "Organism" (O) phase, the research delves into intrinsic psychological motivations, drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT).
SDT, a framework exploring human behavioral motivation, suggests that individual behaviors are influenced by satisfying basic psychological needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. In the context of online consumption and influencer marketing, these needs are overtly represented by three internal factors:
- Self-Disclosure Willingness (representing Autonomy): This refers to a voluntary act of sharing personal information. In social networks, it helps build connections and allows individuals to seek societal validation of their ideas. Voluntary online self-disclosure can stem from an intrinsic need for autonomy. Individuals with higher self-disclosure willingness are more inclined to actively engage with content and share information.
- Innovativeness (representing Competence): This is an individual's intrinsic desire to seek novelty, reflecting their personality and tendency for new things. Innovative consumers are motivated to try new products and technologies, and they are more likely to share their experiences, reflecting a recognition of their own competence. Innovativeness was found to have the most significant impact on higher-level engagement (content contribution and creation).
- Information Trust (representing Relatedness): This refers to an individual's willingness to rely on the opinions of others they believe in, indicating a close relationship. In influencer marketing, trust in the influencer and their content positively influences information exchange and dissemination. Information trust has a stronger impact on content consumption.
While all three motivators promote consumer engagement, the study found that to trigger higher levels of engagement, stimulating consumers’ innovativeness is the most effective method, rather than solely relying on trust. However, if the goal is primarily content consumption, fostering trust in advertising information is key.
External Influences on Engagement: Stimulus Factors
The study identifies three dimensions of external stimuli (S) that impact these psychological motivators, and consequently, consumer engagement:
1. Influencer Factors
- Parasocial Identification: This is the one-sided personal relationship individuals develop with media characters like influencers, leading to a sense of intimacy. When consumers form parasocial identification with an influencer, they are more willing to disclose personal information.
- Impact: Parasocial identification positively correlates with consumer self-disclosure willingness and information trust. It significantly impacts all levels of consumer engagement through self-disclosure willingness (H4a, H4b, H4c validated), and influences content consumption through information trust (H5a validated). However, its influence on content contribution and creation through information trust was not found to be significant (H5b, H5c not validated).
- Source Credibility: This refers to the degree of trust consumers place in the influencer as a source, based on their reliability and expertise. It is a cognitive statement about the source, preceding the development of trust.
- Impact: Influencer source credibility was found to not significantly influence self-disclosure willingness (H6 not validated). However, it is strongly correlated with information trust (H7 validated). It effectively promotes consumer engagement across all levels (consumption, contribution, creation) by mediating through information trust (H7a, H7b, H7c validated).
Overall, the greatest role of social media influencers lies in attracting online traffic and increasing content consumption. While they can help achieve the initial goal of making consumers "see and complete ads," their impact on further high-level consumer engagement behaviors (contribution and creation) is limited. This suggests that advertisers should be cautious not to overestimate the effects of influencers beyond initial reach.
2. Advertising Information Factors
- Informative Value: This refers to the utility value of advertising information to consumers, providing product information that helps them make better purchasing decisions.
- Impact: Informative value is positively correlated with consumers' innovativeness and information trust. It significantly impacts higher-level content contribution and creation through innovativeness (H8b, H8c validated). It also influences consumer engagement across all levels through information trust (H9a, H9b, H9c validated).
- Ad Targeting Accuracy: This refers to the degree to which advertising content matches consumer needs, leading to precise dissemination and effective results.
- Impact: Ad targeting accuracy is positively correlated with information trust, as precise content implies higher informative value and trustworthiness. It influences consumer engagement at all levels mainly through information trust (H10a, H10b, H10c validated).
In the social media era, "content remains king" in advertising. The study emphasizes that the key to enhancing consumer contribution and creation of advertising content lies primarily in the advertising information factors, highlighting the importance of providing consumers with advertisements rich in informative value.
3. Social Factors
- Subjective Norm: Drawn from the Theory of Planned Behavior, this refers to an individual's perception of the expectations of significant others (e.g., family, friends) regarding their behavior.
- Impact: Subjective norms significantly influence self-disclosure willingness and information trust. They further promote consumer engagement across all levels (consumption, contribution, creation) by mediating through both self-disclosure willingness and information trust (H11a, H11b, H11c, H12a, H12b, H12c all validated).
Social media's network structure means that information shared by one user is visible to their adjacent network nodes. Therefore, influencing the surrounding social groups of consumers is an effective way to enhance the impact of advertising and facilitate viral spread.
This study explores how social media influencers influence affects the consumer behavior and purchase intentions of young people within the fashion and beauty industries. The researchers examined the relationship dynamics, trust, perceived credibility, and ethical concerns surrounding influencer marketing.
- Follower Engagement: Followers spend a significant amount of time watching influencer content but interact passively (liking, occasionally responding to polls) rather than active interaction (commenting or messaging).
- Relationship Dynamics: Followers often develop para-social relationships with influencers, perceiving them as friends or role models. This relationship can be a driver for purchase intention.
- Influence on Behavior: Influencers impact young consumers' behavior by shaping their aspirations, lifestyle choices, and purchasing decisions. Followers often seek to emulate influencers' styles and product choices.
- Partnerships and Trust: While brand partnerships are common, followers are often skeptical of paid promotions, perceiving them as less authentic. Gifted products are seen as more trustworthy.
- Credibility and Authenticity: Influencer credibility is crucial. Followers value honesty, transparency, and perceived expertise. Authenticity plays a significant role in trust-building.
- Monetary Benefit: Influencers' main income is through brand partnerships. Followers are aware of this and often question the genuine endorsement of products.
- Purchase Intention: Followers are more likely to consider products endorsed by influencers they like, even if they are initially skeptical of partnerships. This influence may affect long-term buying decisions.
- Brand Perspective: Brands find influencer marketing cost-effective for raising awareness but struggle to directly measure sales impact. They prioritize influencer image, engagement, and credibility.
Key Insights for Influencer Marketing Strategy
This research offers several strategic insights for brands and influencers navigating the dynamic digital environment:
- Prioritize Content Quality for Deeper Engagement: While influencers are excellent for generating initial online traffic, the essence of higher-level engagement (content contribution and creation) lies in the quality and informative value of the advertising content itself. Brands should invest in designing content that genuinely stimulates consumer creativity and willingness to innovate.
- Leverage Innovativeness for Higher Engagement Levels: To achieve the most advanced outcome of content creation, brands should focus on strategies that boost consumers' innovativeness. This means offering novel products, unique experiences, or information that appeals to consumers' desire for newness and competence recognition.
- Understand Influencer Strengths and Limitations: Influencers are highly effective at attracting initial attention and driving content consumption due to their ability to build trust and parasocial identification. However, advertisers should avoid overestimating their impact on deeper engagement levels and allocate budgets accordingly.
- Emphasize Social Influence: Given that subjective norms significantly impact engagement, brands should not only target individual consumers but also invest efforts in groups that can influence consumer decisions, fostering a positive social environment around their products or services.
- Empower Influencers Creatively: Influencers should negotiate for more creative freedom in their advertising partnerships. This autonomy can help maintain content quality and preserve the trust they've built with their followers, which is foundational to their influence.
- Maintain Influencer Integrity: Influencers' influence stems from the trust their followers place in them. Therefore, they should prioritize professional integrity and the quality of information shared, even when engaging in sponsored content.
Conclusion
The dynamics of consumer engagement in social media influencer marketing are multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of external stimuli and internal psychological motivators. By applying the S-O-R framework and Self-Determination Theory, this study validates that influencer factors, advertisement information, and social factors all play crucial roles in shaping consumer engagement.
Ultimately, while influencers are instrumental in capturing initial attention and generating online traffic, the ultimate success in driving higher-level consumer engagement—particularly content contribution and creation—hinges on stimulating consumers' innovativeness and providing genuinely valuable and relevant advertising content. Furthermore, recognizing and leveraging the power of social influence through subjective norms can significantly enhance the viral spread of marketing messages. In an era where the lines between content recipients and transmitters are increasingly blurred, focusing on empowering individual transmission and the human element will be key to effective future marketing strategies.
